02 Sep
Suggestions originates from Robert Hoberman (personal communication). Which is https://datingranking.net/it/incontri/ apparently broadly representative of your own Jewish dialects off a number of other towns and cities regarding the part also, together with Aqra and you may Rawanduz.
Although not, within dialect there clearly was a very unusual transform away from h to h about 3rd people only 1 possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): The words of your own Jews out of Iranian Azerbaijan, including communities for the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you will Yuksekova. Information is from Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): The words of the Jews out-of Halabja towards Iran-Iraq edging. This is very nearby the Jewish dialects of most other towns and cities of the part, and additionally Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and Panjwin. Suggestions is inspired by my cards.
We’re going to evaluate such dialects for twenty-four phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you will lexical conditions. Following the Hetzron (1976, 98), i have chosen only innovations since requirements to have category. I have picked good disproportionate level of morphological standards, therefore we shall give them special pounds, once more pursuing the Hetzron, however, other shared innovations might be considered as really.
Note along with the more difficult conservation and even insertion off into the Koy Sanjaq claimed by the Hoberman (1985)
Even as we compare the new dialects regarding NENA we’ll just be sure to influence the brand new the amount that brand new dialects show a definite pattern which differs from Turoyo and Mandaic. At the same time, we shall come across bundles off isoglosses contained in this NENA.
(1) Be concerned is penultimate in every this new NA languages, and additionally Turoyo and Mandaic not throughout the around three easternmost Jewish languages, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you may Halabja, which generally fret the very last syllable. Such languages see, like this, like in more (Garbell 1965), showing an unusually good determine out of Kurdish.
(2) Most of the NENA dialects enjoys blended h and you will x. When you look at the Hertevin the result is h, and you can almost everywhere otherwise it’s x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you can dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]a good ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and you will +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)
Both Turoyo and you can Mandaic retain separate h and x. Some NENA languages enjoys reintroduced h given that a credit of Kurdish otherwise Arabic or regarding Traditional Syriac otherwise Hebrew.(5) Yet not, the passed down language constantly reveals x. Including, during the Tisqopa there are borrowed Arabic conditions, such as for example sahabi ‘friend’, that have h, however, handed down words instance laxma ‘bread’ consistently show x. (6)
(3) All the NENA dialects except Hertevin and Zakho have forfeit extremely instances from inherited. Such as for example, when you look at the Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ comparable to Syriac arb an excellent and you will afra. Inside the Hertevin plus Zakho, inherited is regularly ?: Hertevin so?an effective ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?los angeles ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you may Alon 1979, 189). In lot of other dialects some are preserved just like the ?, and you can, about other people, is fully gone totally. Certain languages has actually reintroduced lent away from Arabic otherwise Kurdish. Such as for instance, Halabja have ayza ‘good’.
(4) In before languages regarding Aramaic, as with Tiberian Hebrew, t turned [Theta] immediately following a great vowel. It alternation might have been lexicalized for the NENA, having possibly t or [Theta] distribute as a result of whole paradigms, whether or not preceded of the good vowel or not. Instance, in the Aradhin the fresh verb ‘come’ is now offering [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, in addition to [Theta]e:la ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Next, in a few languages this new phoneme [Theta] have experienced additional changes. In certain languages [Theta] enjoys combined back once again to t, along with anybody else it’s become s or even l.(7) In one single dialect, Jilu, it’s become h then come erased but at start of a keyword. The three easternmost Jewish languages express the brand new shocking shift of [Theta] to at least one. The outcome ones changes is seen on the term ‘house’ and that looks in different languages since feel:[Theta beneficial]a beneficial (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and you will besa (Sanandaj Religious).