16 Aug
We shall start by morphology, hence works together morphemes (the restricted systems off linguistic means and you will meaning), and how they generate upwards terminology.
We are going to upcoming mention phonology, hence works together with phonemes (new meaningless factors that “spell out” new sound regarding morphemes), and you may phonetics, and that degree how vocabulary try embodied from the hobby regarding speaking, this new ensuing actual music, and the means of address effect..
Up coming we’ll look at syntax, hence works closely with the way in which terminology was mutual towards sentences and you will sentences. In the long run, we are going to account for one or two aspects of definition, particularly semantics, and this works with just how phrases are related to things throughout the industry away from vocabulary, and you will pragmatics, and therefore works with just how individuals play with all of the quantities of language to speak.
This new unusual character regarding morphology
Regarding a systematic attitude, morphology ‘s the oddest of your amounts of linguistic data. Once i provide that it lecture so you can an introductory group, I’m constantly reminded regarding precisely what the particle physicist Isidor Rabi told you as he heard about this new knowledge of muon: “Whom bought one?” From the serendipity, this morning’s Ny Moments keeps a peek at a different guide, “Brand new Query of your own Quark”, that informs the storyline:
Regarding the 5th century B.C., you to prescient Greek philosopher already been humanity on the its look for the fresh universe’s ultimate foundations when he suggested that all count try created from infinitesimally short dirt named atoms. im Freien-Dating-Seite Within the 1897, british physicist J. J. Thomson difficult the issue as he receive the original subatomic particle, the newest electron. Later on, anyone else accepted this new proton and you will neutron. Given that atom smashers increased within the next couples age, myriads of ephemeral dirt appeared in new debris, a veritable Greek alphabet soup out of lambdas, sigmas and you may pions. ”Who purchased that?” exclaimed brand new theorist Isidor We. Rabi when the muon is identified.
Given the basic form of people spoken code, the degree out-of phonology, syntax, semantics and you will pragmatics are probably inevitable. They do not have to look exactly the way that they actually do, maybe, however, there has to be one thing to carry out the works of every one of these membership.
Prepositions let you know all of the after the variety of relationships but
However, morphology is actually gratuitous, and additionally advanced and you can abnormal: something that a words do having morphology, they can usually as well as carry out alot more straightforwardly which have sentence structure; and there’s constantly other vocabulary that really does an equivalent situation which have syntax.
Such as, English morphology inflects nouns to help you identify plurality: ergo dogs function “several dog”. So it inflection allows us to become certain, in the a concise method, regarding the difference in you to definitely plus-than-you to definitely. Of course, we could always state a similar thing for the an even more elaborated means, utilizing the resources of syntax unlike morphology: one or more canine. If we want to be obscure, we should instead end up being long-winded: one or more animals.
Progressive Important Chinese (also known as “Mandarin” otherwise “Putonghua”) renders precisely the reverse possibilities: there’s absolutely no morphological establishing having plurality, therefore we should be succinctly obscure regarding the if i indicate one or higher off one thing, even as we should be far more enough time-winded whenever we wish to be specific. For this reason (from inside the Pinyin orthography having build numbers after every syllable):
Such as of another type of morphological packaging, English makes iconify out-of icon and you can -ify, meaning “build on a symbol.” Possibly it is nice to own an individual word because of it, but we could usually have told you “make into the an icon.” And lots of languages run out of people standard means to fix turn a beneficial noun X for the a verb meaning “and also make into (an) X”, and thus must make use of the lengthened-winded mode away from expression. In reality, the process inside English is rather unpredictable: we state vaporize perhaps not *vaporify, and you may emulsify perhaps not *emulsionify, and the like.